Ecstasy (MDMA)
Ecstasy: What the Evidence Shows
*** 1) Ecstasy (MDMA) is a semi-synthetic drug patented by Merck Pharmaceutical Company in 1914 and abandoned for 60 years. In the late 1970s and early 1980s psychiatrists and psychotherapists in the US used it to facilitate psychotherapy.
Source: Greer G and Tolbert R. A Method of Conducting Therapeutic Sessions with MDMA. in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 30 (1998) 4:371.379. For research on the therapeutic use of MDMA see: www.maps.org.
*** 2) Ecstasy's effects last 3 to 6 hours. It is a mood elevator that produces feelings of empathy, openness and well-being. People who take it at all night rave dances say they enjoy dancing and feeling close to others. It does not produce violence or physical addiction.
Source: Beck J and Rosenbaum M. Pursuit of Ecstasy: The MDMA Experience. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
*** 3) According to coroner reports there were nine Ecstasy-related deaths (three of these involved Ecstasy alone) in 1998.
Source: Drug Abuse Warning Network, Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Report of March 21, 2000. (This was a special report because the published report only includes drugs where there were over 10 deaths.)
*** 4) Some of these deaths are related to overheating. MDMA slightly raises body temperature. This is potentially lethal in hot environments where there is vigorous dancing and the lack of adequate fluid replacement. Many of these tragic deaths are preventable with simple harm reduction techniques such as having free water available and rooms where people can rest and relax.
Source: C.M. Milroy; J.C. Clark; A.R.W. Forrest, Pathology of deaths associated with ecstasy and eve misuse, Journal of Clinical Pathology Vol 49 (1996) 149-153.
*** 5) One of the recent risks associated with Ecstasy is the possibility of obtaining adulterated drugs that may be more toxic than MDMA. Some of the reported deaths attributed to Ecstasy are likely caused by other, more dangerous drugs.
Source: Laboratory Pill Analysis Program, DanceSafe. For results visit www.DanceSafe.org. See also, Byard RW et al., Amphetamine derivative fatalities in South Australia-is Ecstasy the culprit?, American Journal of Forensic Medical Pathology, 1998 (Sep) 19(3): 261-5.
*** 6) Deaths from adulterated drugs are another consequence of a zero tolerance approach. The drug should be tested for purity to minimize the risk from adulterated drugs by those who consume it.
Source: DanceSafe provides testing equipment and a testing service which can be used to determine what a substance is. See www.DanceSafe.org.
*** 7) MDMA raises blood pressure and heart rate. Persons with known cardiovascular or heart disease should not take MDMA.
Recent studies have indicated that individuals who have used MDMA may have decreased performance in memory tests compared to nonusers. These studies are presently controversial because they involved people who used a variety of other drugs. Furthermore, it is difficult to rule out possible pre-existing differences between research subjects and controls.
Source: E. Gouzoulis-Mayfrank; J. Daumann; F. Tuchtenhagen; S. Pelz; S. Becker;H.J. Kunert; B. Fimm; H. Sass; Impaired cognitive performance in drug free users of recreational ecstasy (MDMA), by Journal Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry Vol 68, June 2000, 719-725; K.I. Bolla; U.D.; McCann; G.A. Ricaurte; Memory impairment in abstinent MDMA ('Ecstasy') users, by Neurology Vol 51, Dec 1998, 1532-1537.
Copyright © Common Sense for Drug Policy.
Books Ecstasy:
The Complete Guide:
A Comprehensive Look at the Risks and Benefits of MDMA
Written by an attending psychiatrist at New York's Bellevue Hospital and an authority on street drugs. The book provides reliable information to recreational users and the public.
After looking at MDMA's history, pharmacology, and legal status, the text discusses its potential clinical uses in the treatment of such psychiatric conditions as depression, schizophrenia, and post traumatic stress syndrome.
Other chapters look at MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, current international research, political issues, risks of recreational use and ways to minimize them are discussed.
Ecstasy: The Complete Guide...
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